Cholecalciferol is vitamin D3. [68] For older people with osteoporosis, taking vitamin D with calcium may help prevent hip fractures, but it also slightly increases the risk of stomach and kidney problems. 2000 IE Vitamin D täglich aufnehmen, müsste man ca. Weder Vitamin D2 noch D3 sind biologisch aktiv. [127] The European Menopause and Andropause Society recommends postmenopausal women consume 15 µg (600 IU) until age 70, and 20 µg (800 IU) from age 71. [1], Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient. D 3 (also called cholecalciferol) is the kind produced by the body. The conversion of previtamin D3 to vitamin D3 in the skin is about 10 times faster than in an organic solvent. Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to potentially increase the risk of severe respiratory infections. [12] Vitamin D supplements are given to treat or to prevent osteomalacia and rickets. Exposure to light through windows is insufficient because glass almost completely blocks UVB light. Research on vitamin D supplements, including large-scale clinical trials, is continuing. [203] This has caused a renewed interest of this potential in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. [133] The United States Department of Agriculture reports D2 and D3 content combined in one value. [177] Dogs and cats are practically incapable of vitamin D synthesis due to high activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, but they do get them from prey animals. Second, previtamin D3 spontaneously isomerizes to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in an antarafacial sigmatropic [1,7] hydride shift. [170] The precursor of vitamin D3, 7-dehydrocholesterol is produced in relatively large quantities. [92], Although tentative data link low levels of vitamin D to asthma, evidence to support a beneficial effect on asthmatics from supplementation is inconclusive. [128], Although vitamin D is present naturally in only a few foods,[1] it is commonly added as a fortification in manufactured foods. [17] The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates the gene expression of transport proteins (such as TRPV6 and calbindin), which are involved in calcium absorption in the intestine. Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D 3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin when exposed to sunlight; it is also found in some foods and can be taken as a dietary supplement.. Cholecalciferol is made in the skin following UVB light exposure. Vitamin D3 ( kolekalsiferol) sendiri berasal dari turunan senyawa 7-dehidrokolesterol (bentuk tidak aktif). By the expiration of his patent in 1945, rickets had been all but eliminated in the US. A D-vitamin kifejezés két molekulára vonatkozik: az egyik az ergokalciferol (D 2-vitamin), a másik a kolekalciferol (D 3-vitamin). [94] In general practice, supplementation with vitamin D is not recommended for treatment or prevention of asthma. Vitamin-D overdose is impossible from UV exposure: the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created. Termenul de vitamine nu cuprinde alți nutrienți esențiali cum ar fi mineralele, acizii grași esențiali sau aminoacizii esențiali. Cholecalciferol ist ein Secosteroid und wird im Körper auch mit Hilfe von UVB-Strahlung (Dorno-Strahlung, nach Carl Dorno) in der Haut aus 7-Dehydrocholesterol gebildet, daher ist der historische Begriff Vitamin der Definitio… Vitamin D is not a vitamin. [100], Cognition and dementia – A systematic review of clinical studies found an association between low vitamin D levels with cognitive impairment and a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Hlavním přírodním zdrojem vitamínu je syntéza cholekalciferolu ve spodních vrstvách pokožky … For individual forms, see. La vitamine D est une vitamine liposoluble (soluble dans les lipides). C'est une hormone retrouvée dans l'alimentation et synthétisée dans l'organisme humain à partir d'un dérivé du cholestérol ou dergostérol sous l'action des rayonnements UVB1 du Soleil. Vitamin D ili kalciferol je antirahitični vitamin, a često ga nazivaju i vitaminom sunca. It is also found naturally in marine oils and in lanolin (oil from sheep's wool ), the most common source for supplements . Alfred Fabian Hess stated: "Light equals vitamin D."[188] Adolf Windaus, at the University of Göttingen in Germany, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his work on the constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins. Previtamin D(3) is a vitamin D. ChEBI. Bár vitaminként emlegetik, valójában hormon. Zajedno sa paratireoidnim hormonom regulira koncentraciju kalcijevih iona u plazmi.Prije njegova otkrića mnogi ljudi su bolovali od rahitisa, a posebno djeca. It is activated by two protein enzyme hydroxylation steps, the first in the liver and the second in the kidneys. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Vitamin D3 dihydroxylase; Identifiers; Organism: Symbol: CYP105A1: Alt. [29][173], Sunscreen absorbs or reflects ultraviolet light and prevents much of it from reaching the skin. ", "Meat consumption reduces the risk of nutritional rickets and osteomalacia", "Cell Biology and Cancer Curriculum Supplement", "Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women", "High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health", "Does vitamin D supplementation alleviate chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain? Vitamin D ist eigentlich gar kein Vitamin, sondern ein Hormon. Vitamín D je skupina v tucích rozpustných sekosteroidů odpovědných za zvýšení vstřebávání vápníku, hořčíku a fosforečnanů ve střevech a za mnoho dalších biologických účinků. Vitamin D eksisterer i flere forskjellige typer, men de to mest kjente er ergokalsiferol (vitamin D2) og kolekalsiferol (vitamin D3). Strong bones are a result of good vitamin D3 intake because it helps regulate and control the body’s ability to absorb phosphorus and calcium—two compounds that provide density and strength to the skeletal system and teeth. [12] The modified oil cured the sick dogs, so McCollum concluded the factor in cod liver oil which cured rickets was distinct from vitamin A. Son nom systématique est « (3β,5Z,7E)-9,10-sécocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triène-3-ol ». This means that any portion not used immediately is stored in fat tissue for future use. [178], Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is produced industrially by exposing 7-dehydrocholesterol to UVB light, followed by purification. "[62]:403 Although ULs are believed to be safe, information on the long-term effects is incomplete and these levels of intake are not recommended for long-term consumption.[62]:403:433. Men nyere forskning viser at vitamin D3 har større biologisk aktivitet. Mushrooms grown in full sunlight tend to have more. [115], Various institutions have proposed different recommendations for the amount of daily intake of vitamin D. These vary according to precise definition, age, pregnancy or lactation, and the extent assumptions are made regarding skin synthesis of vitamin D.[116][62][117][118][119] American researchers Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis in 1914[12] discovered a substance in cod liver oil which later was called "vitamin A". This means that any portion not used immediately is stored in fat tissue for future use. [14][61] Low vitamin D levels may result from disease rather than cause disease. Does survival of the less fit mean less health. Other possible agencies with claim guidance: Japan FOSHU[114] and Australia-New Zealand. [40][41][42] The dietary risk factors for rickets include abstaining from animal foods. [150] One ng/mL is approximately equal to 2.5 nmol/L. Für eine optimale Bioverfügbarkeit sind beide Vitamine in hochwertigem MCT-Öl aus Kokos gelöst (Vitamin D und K sind fettlöslich). Vitamin K 2 or menaquinone (/ ˌ m ɛ n ə ˈ k w ɪ n oʊ n /) is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) and K 3 . [181], Whether it is made in the skin or ingested, vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver at position 25 (upper right of the molecule) to form 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol or 25(OH)D). It is also found in animal products. Geht man nach den Empfehlungen des Robert-Koch-Instituts, darf der Blutspiegel von Vitamin D3 nicht unter 20 ng/ml (50 nmol/l) liegen. By binding to vitamin D-binding protein, calcitriol is transported throughout the body, including to the classical target organs of intestine, kidney and bone. [168], The conversion from ergosterol to vitamin D2 follows a similar procedure, forming previtamin D2 by photolysis, which isomerizes to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). The conversion of calcifediol to calcitriol is catalyzed by the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase, which is the product of the CYP27B1 human gene. The evidence for other health effects of vitamin D supplementation in the general population is inconsistent. Its discovery was due to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in children with rickets (the childhood form of osteomalacia). Den größten Teil seines Bedarfs an Vitamin D deckt der Körper nämlich durch Eigenproduktion mithilfe von Sonnenlicht ab. It helps bones grow and form. It is also good for the immune system. The major circulating metabolite of VITAMIN D3. Vitamin D can be synthesized only by a photochemical process. 5 Chemical Vendors. over a latitudinal gradient: possible correlation with UV levels", "Natural vitamin D content in animal products", "Photobiology of vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans", "Vitamin D: An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe", "Vitamin D for Milk and Milk Alternatives", "Federal Register: Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Vitamin D2", "Vitamin D: deficiency, sufficiency and toxicity", "Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in response to vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation", "A global representation of vitamin D status in healthy populations", "Plausible ergogenic effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery", "Genetic and environmental determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in Hispanic and African Americans", "Circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies", "The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know", "Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety", "CYP24A1 and SLC34A1 genetic defects associated with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia: from genotype to phenotype", "Vitamin D-Mediated Hypercalcemia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment", "FDA Cautions on Accurate Vitamin D Supplementation for Infants", "Regulation of calcitriol biosynthesis and activity: focus on gestational vitamin D deficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes", "Evolutionary biology and pathology of vitamin D", "History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites", "Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis", "Serum concentrations of lipids, vitamin d metabolites, retinol, retinyl esters, tocopherols and selected carotenoids in twelve captive wild felid species at four zoos", "Cholecalciferol supplementation alters gut function and improves digestibility in an underground inhabitant, the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber), when fed on a carrot diet", "Vitamin D metabolism in dogs and cats and its relation to diseases not associated with bone metabolism", "The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences", "Tissue distribution of 7-dehydrocholesterol, vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in several species of fishes", "Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase", "Section I: Ch. Reviews have described the evidence as being "inconsistent, inconclusive as to causality, and insufficient to inform nutritional requirements"[62] and "not sufficiently robust to draw conclusions". 73:288-94, 2001. The darker the skin, and the weaker the sunlight, the more minutes of exposure are needed. [132] [83], In general, vitamin D functions to activate the innate and dampen the adaptive immune systems with antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Vitamin D also affects the immune system, and VDRs are expressed in several white blood cells, including monocytes and activated T and B cells. [208][209] Both organizations included recommendations to continue the previous established recommendations on vitamin D supplementation for other reasons, such as bone and muscle health, as applicable. ", "Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status", "Efficacy of fish intake on vitamin D status: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D3 metabolically active in the intestine", "The discovery of vitamin D: the contribution of Adolf Windaus", "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN): Nomenclature of vitamin D. Recommendations 1981", "Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease", "The biology and pathology of vitamin D control in bone", "Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic? [190] The informal academic collaboration between the team members Robert Benedict Bourdillon, Otto Rosenheim, Harold King, and Kenneth Callow was very productive and led to the isolation and characterization of vitamin D.[191] At this time, the policy of the Medical Research Council was not to patent discoveries, believing the results of medical research should be open to everybody. Vitamin D deficiency can result in lower bone mineral density and an increased risk of reduced bone density (osteoporosis) or bone fracture because a lack of vitamin D alters mineral metabolism in the body. They had to either ingest it or be exposed to sunlight to photosynthesize it in their skin. [30], Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency. In the 1930s, Windaus clarified further the chemical structure of vitamin D.[192], In 1923, American biochemist Harry Steenbock at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that irradiation by ultraviolet light increased the vitamin D content of foods and other organic materials. [53][54][55] Dark-skinned people are less efficient at making vitamin D because melanin in the skin hinders vitamin D synthesis. De twee belangrijkste vormen zijn vitamine D3 (de dierlijke vorm) en vitamine D2.De term vitamine D verwijst ook naar metabolieten en andere analoga van deze substanties. Calcidiol to calcitriol CH3.svg 512 × 198; 22 KB. A VIII.Magyar Gyógyszerkönyvben Cholecalciferolum néven hivatalos. They are still typically less than 25 micrograms (1000 IU) per day, but up to 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day is considered safe. [17] The structural difference between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 is in the side chain, which contains a double bond, between carbons 22 and 23, and a methyl group on carbon 24 in vitamin D2. Wzór strukturalny witaminy D 3 (cholekalcyferolu) Witamina D (ATC: A 11 CC 05) – grupa rozpuszczalnych w tłuszczach steroidowych organicznych związków chemicznych, które wywierają wielostronne działanie fizjologiczne, przede wszystkim w gospodarce wapniowo-fosforanowej oraz utrzymywaniu prawidłowej struktury i funkcji kośćca. The Institute found serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) are "not consistently associated with increased benefit". The Swedish National Food Agency recommends a daily intake of 10 μg (400 IU) of vitamin D3 for children and adults up to 75 years, and 20 μg (800 IU) for adults 75 and older. Vieth, R. et al. These may be followed by polyuria, polydipsia, weakness, insomnia, nervousness, pruritus and ultimately kidney failure. Vitamine D is een groep van vet-oplosbare organische verbindingen die verantwoordelijk zijn voor de opname van calcium en fosfaat uit voeding, wat van groot belang is voor diverse biologische processen. Media in category "Vitamin D3" The following 23 files are in this category, out of 23 total. Was Franz sagt, sagen viele andere auch. It was first discovered as the substance which could prevent and cure rickets. Ebenfalls zur Vitamin-D-Gruppe zählt Vitamin D2, auch Ergocalciferol genannt. He called it vitamin D because it was the fourth vitamin to be named. Osteoporosis can be a long-term effect of calcium and/or vitamin D insufficiency, at least in part. The process is faster in white button mushrooms.[133](fig. British doctor Edward Mellanby noticed dogs that were fed cod liver oil did not develop rickets and concluded vitamin A, or a closely associated factor, could prevent the disease. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal health are uncertain. [70] The effect is small or none for people living independently. [64] Both an excess and a deficiency in vitamin D appear to cause abnormal functioning and premature aging. The recommendations were formed assuming the individual has no skin synthesis of vitamin D because of inadequate sun exposure. Nutr. Conversion: 1 µg (microgram) = 40 IU (international unit). In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, where rickets occurs among older toddlers and children, it has been attributed to low dietary calcium intakes, which are characteristic of cereal-based diets with limited access to dairy products. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [183], Calcifediol is transported to the proximal tubules of the kidneys, where it is hydroxylated at the 1-α position (lower right of the molecule) to form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25(OH)2D). 7-Dehydrocholesterol reacts with UVB light at wavelengths of 290–315 nm. The EFSA reviewed safe levels of intake in 2012,[120] setting the tolerable upper limit for adults at 100 μg/day (4000 IU), a similar conclusion as the IOM. A meeting took place with J.B.S. Disse ble tidligere antatt å ha samme biologiske effekt. [1] US labs generally report 25(OH)D levels in ng/mL. [20], Rickets, a childhood disease, is characterized by impeded growth and soft, weak, deformed long bones that bend and bow under their weight as children start to walk. VDR activation in the intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland cells leads to the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood (with the assistance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) and to the maintenance of bone content. Haldane, J.D. [19] The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and VDRs are expressed by cells in most organs, including the brain, heart, skin, gonads, prostate, and breast. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. [73] Taking extra vitamin D, however, does not appear to change the risk. Um die Vitamin-D-Versorgung des Körpers zu beurteilen, wird eine Vorstufe des Vitamins im Blut gemessen: Calcidiol oder auch Vitamin D3 (25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D3). [31] Being deficient in vitamin D can cause intestinal absorption of dietary calcium to fall to 15%. [2][181], Following the final converting step in the kidney, calcitriol is released into the circulation. Außerdem kann der Körper Vitamin D3 in eine Speicherform überführen, das sogenannte Calcifediol (auch 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin-D oder 25-OH-Vitamin D). Vitamine D is een groep van vet-oplosbare organische verbindingen die verantwoordelijk zijn voor de opname van calcium en fosfaat uit voeding, wat van groot belang is voor diverse biologische processen. A systematic review and meta-analysis", "Special considerations for vitamin D in the south Asian population in the UK", "The uncertain significance of low vitamin D levels in African descent populations: a review of the bone and cardiometabolic literature", "Utility of sun-reactive skin typing and melanin index for discerning vitamin D deficiency", "Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline", "Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes", "Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials", "Vitamin D and mortality: meta-analysis of individual participant data from a large consortium of cohort studies from Europe and the United States", "Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men", "A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention", "Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force", "Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health", "Anticancer vitamins du Jour--The ABCED's so far", "Prognostic role of vitamin d status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in cancer patients: a systematic review", "Review: the impacts of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on cancer patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "The effect of vitamin D supplementation on survival in patients with colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials", "Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83 000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis", "Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Incorporating Individual Patient Data", "Vitamin D and immune regulation: antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory", "Vitamin D and HIV: letting the sun shine in", "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Vitamin D and COVID-19", "SACN rapid review: Vitamin D and acute respiratory tract infections", "Vitamin D to prevent exacerbations of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials", "Vitamin D supplementation, moderate sun exposure, and control of immune diseases", "Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "Clinical review: Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Role of vitamin D in diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease", "Vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies", "Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Updated meta-analysis on maternal outcomes", "Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: state of the evidence from a systematic review of randomised trials", "Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy", "Vitamin D and its role during pregnancy in attaining optimal health of mother and fetus", "Association Between Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy and Offspring Growth, Morbidity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "Vitamin D status and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled weight-loss trials", "Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular function (ID 159) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006", "Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and risk of falling pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006", "Guidance for Industry: Food Labeling Guide", "Health Canada Scientific Summary on the U. S. Health Claim Regarding Calcium and Osteoporosis", "Regulatory Systems of Health Claims in Japan", "Vitamin D and Calcium: Updated Dietary Reference Intakes", "Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand", "Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of vitamin D", "Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels.