It is bordered on its northwest by Greece and Bulgaria; north by the Black Sea; northeast by Georgia; east by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran; southeast by Iraq; south by Syria and the Mediterranean Sea; and west by the Aegean Sea. Il "Consiglio supremo della radio e della televisione" (RTÜK) è l'organo governativo che supervisiona i mezzi di trasmissione. [242] The Turkish pine is mostly found in Turkey and other east Mediterranean countries. Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by European styles, and this can be particularly seen in the Tanzimat era buildings of Istanbul like the Dolmabahçe, Çırağan, Feriye, Beylerbeyi, Küçüksu, Ihlamur and Yıldız palaces, which were all designed by members of the Balyan family of Ottoman Armenian court architects. Una versione moderna dell'aramaico è parlata in alcuni villaggi della Turchia centrale e meridionale; un dialetto arabo è diffuso a sud-ovest del Lago di Van. Il principale elemento della suddivisione in 7 regioni sono state le omogeneità di condizioni climatiche del territorio corrispondente (temperatura, precipitazioni, ecc). La parte europea nel nord del Mar di Marmara è la Tracia turca (Tracia orientale). [13], L'aspettativa di vita è di 71 anni per gli uomini e di 75 anni per le donne, con una media complessiva di 73 anni per la popolazione. Allo stesso modo, l'impero medievale dei Cazari, uno stato turco sulle sponde settentrionali del Mar Nero e del Mar Caspio, è stato indicato come Tourkia (terra dei Turchi) da fonti bizantine. [388] Mimar Sinan (c.1489–1588) was the most important architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. [39], In circolazione, i quotidiani più popolari sono Hürriyet, Sabah, Posta, Sözcü e Habertürk. Between 1923 and 2018, Turkey was a parliamentary representative democracy. 135 Grad nach links gekippt, d. h. die linke untere Ecke zeigt in … [325] Arabic and Zaza are the mother tongues of 2.39 percent of the population, and several other languages are the mother tongues of smaller parts of the population. [264] Fatih Birol the head of the International Energy Agency said that fossil fuel subsidies should be redirected, for example to the health system. [301], Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. Other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government instead of the mayors (belediye başkanı) or elected by constituents. [339] mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey,[340] and the emigration of Christians that began in the late 19th century and gained pace in the first quarter of the 20th century. [128][129][130][131], Turkey's judicial system has been wholly integrated with the system of continental Europe. [325] 11.97 percent of the population speaks the Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish as their mother tongue. L'attuale territorio turco, specialmente la parte occidentale, ponte naturale tra oriente e occidente, è stato sede di una ricca varietà di popolazioni e civiltà. La Nazionale di calcio turca ha ottenuto buoni risultati, tra cui un terzo posto nel Campionato del Mondo 2002 e il cui capocannoniere è Hakan Şükür, con 51 reti. [28] The Turkish name Türkiye was adopted in 1923 under the influence of European usage. [164] These political rifts have left Turkey with few allies in the East Mediterranean, where rich natural gas fields have recently been discovered;[165][166] in sharp contrast with the original goals that were set by the former Foreign Minister (later Prime Minister) Ahmet Davutoğlu in his "zero problems with neighbours"[167][168] foreign policy doctrine. [427], Turkish television dramas are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit and public relations. [374], Ottoman miniature is linked to the Persian miniature tradition, as well as strong Chinese artistic influences. Precipitazioni. Questi ultimi bacini (endoreici) si suddividono in bacini con laghi tettonici, poco profondi, di acqua salata e privi di fauna, e in bacini con laghi carsici, di acqua dolce e pescosi. [230], Amnesty International stated that it had gathered evidence of war crimes and other violations committed by Turkish and Turkey-backed Syrian forces who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including summary killings and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians". [251], Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. [282] The Bosphorus Bridge (1973), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (1988) and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. [224] Freedom House lists Turkey's media as not free. [180] The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President. [361] Except for the Open Education Faculties (AÖF) at Anadolu, Istanbul and Atatürk University; entrance is regulated by the national Student Selection and Placement System (ÖSYS) examination, after which high school graduates are assigned to universities according to their performance. [16] Beginning in the late 13th century, the Ottomans started uniting the principalities and conquering the Balkans, and the Turkification of Anatolia increased during the Ottoman period. Al suo interno il clima è di tipo continentale e, dato che le catene montuose fermano le influenze del mar Mediterraneo e del Mar Nero, comprende estati calde e secche e inverni freddi e nevosi; le precipitazioni sono scarse: nella zona più arida del paese esse superano raramente i 300 mm. Esistono rare forme dialettali da questa derivate; più rare, ma presenti e variamente comprese, le varianti dialettali dell'ottomano. [385] Internationally acclaimed Turkish jazz and blues musicians and composers include Ahmet Ertegun (founder and president of Atlantic Records), Nükhet Ruacan and Kerem Görsev. Temperatura dell'aria in Turchia. [433][434], Country straddling Southeastern Europe and Western Asia, This article is about the country. The Administrative Code bears similarities with its French counterpart, and the Penal Code with its Italian counterpart. Pamukkale ( türkisch für Baumwollburg/Watteburg) ist eine natürliche Stätte in der Provinz Denizli im Südwesten der Türkei. [404] The country's position between Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean Sea helped the Turks in gaining complete control of the major trade routes, and an ideal landscape and climate allowed plants and animals to flourish. Tuttavia, i Bizantini in seguito iniziarono a utilizzare questo nome per definire i Selgiuchidi che avevano preso il controllo di parti dell'Anatolia nei periodi successivi alla battaglia di Manzicerta del 1071. [271] In 2019, Turkey ranked sixth in the world in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country. Geograficamente la Turchia si estende su due continenti. … Turkey has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Polish and Jewish communities, among others.[384]. [187], Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since the Korean War, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Yugoslavia and the Horn of Africa. È stato formato un governo a interim, e il 21 agosto il presidente Erdoğan ha annunciato le elezioni anticipate. La pena di morte è stata completamente abolita nel 2004. [200] The Kurdistan Workers' Party (designated a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the United States,[100] the European Union[101] and NATO[102]) was founded in 1978 by a group of Kurdish militants led by Abdullah Öcalan, seeking the foundation of an independent, Marxist-Leninist state in the region, which was to be known as Kurdistan. Il Fondo Monetario Internazionale classifica la Turchia fra gli Stati più sviluppati del mondo. When three powers (executive, legislative and judiciary) are taken into account as the main functions of the state, local administrations have little power. La parte europea nel nord-ovest, corrispondente alla Tracia orientale, copre circa il 3% dell'area in cui si trova la parte principale della metropoli di Istanbul. A est si trova la Cappadocia, famosa per le sue grotte di tufo e per le sue chiese rupestri. October is still warm and bright, though with spells of rain, and many tourists prefer to visit in the early autumn, … [254] Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe, and invest a substantial amount of funds for research and development in new technologies related to these fields. [262] Turkey's annual current account deficit was $47.3 billion at the end of December 2017, compared to the previous year's figure of $33.1 billion. [251], The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Non va infine dimenticato che, a seguito della forte emigrazione turca sin dagli anni '60 in Europa e segnatamente in Germania (oltre tre milioni di turchi), esiste ormai una notevole leva di scrittori turco-tedeschi, di formazione europea, tra cui ad esempio Feridun Zaimoğlu (Schiuma, Einaudi, Torino 1999) o Yadé Kara (Salam Berlino, Edizioni e/o, Roma 2005) che si esprimono preferibilmente nella lingua di Goethe, trattando nuove tematiche connesse ad esempio con i problemi dell'emigrazione, dell'integrazione, dei rapporti interculturali e interreligiosi. Juta a scrivela. La città di Bursa è una località famosa per le sue sorgenti sulfuree e termali; si trova ai piedi dei monte Uludağ che rappresenta una destinazione popolare tutto l'anno. [204][205][206][207] Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 people have died, most of whom were Turkish Kurds. Prior to the symposia, the study of Turkish culinary culture was first popularised by the publication of Süheyl Ünver's Fifty Dishes in Turkish History in 1948. Teritori, clima e vegetazion. They followed closely the context of the book they were included in, more illustrations than standalone works of art. Il primo uso documentato del termine "Türk" o "Türük" come sostantivo etnico è contenuto nelle iscrizioni rinvenute nella valle del fiume Orkhon nell'attuale Mongolia, ed eseguite dai Göktürk (turchi celesti) attorno all'VIII secolo. [a][23] After the Ottomans and the other Central Powers lost the war, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. [15] Le cifre basse relative alla popolazione femminile sono dovute principalmente agli usi tradizionali degli arabi e curdi che vivono nelle province del sud-est del Paese. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two. Le persone all'interno del gruppo di età tra i 15 e i 64 anni rappresentano il 67% della popolazione totale, la fascia di età 0-14 corrisponde al 26%, mentre gli anziani con un'età superiore ai 65 anni il 7%. Turqia ose Tyrqia (turqisht: Türkiye), zyrtarisht Republika e Turqisë (turqisht: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), është një shtet transkontinental në Euroazi, që shtrihet kryesisht në Azinë e Vogël dhe me një pjesë të vogël në Gadishullin ballkanik në Evropë. [199], In the latter half of the 1970s, Turkey suffered from political violence between far-left and far-right militant groups, which culminated in the military coup of 1980. The Eastern Anatolia Region mostly corresponds to the western part of the Armenian Highlands (the plateau situated between the Anatolian Plateau in the west and the Lesser Caucasus in the north)[236] and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 feet),[237] and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country. However, agriculture still accounted for a quarter of employment. [288] Turkey has the fifth-highest direct utilisation and capacity of geothermal power in the world. [315], Religion in Turkey (Optimar survey, 2019)[327][328][329][330], Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. Pamukkale erhielt seinen Namen durch die Kalksinterterrassen, die über Jahrtausende durch kalkhaltige Thermalquellen entstanden sind und eine Touristenattraktion darstellen. Secondo un sondaggio di consulenza svolto in tutta la Turchia nel 2007:[32] il 52,8% degli abitanti si definisce "una persona religiosa che si sforza di adempiere agli obblighi religiosi"; il 34,3% si definisce "un credente che non adempie agli obblighi religiosi"; il 9,7% definisce se stesso come "una persona completamente devota che adempie tutti gli obblighi religiosi"; il 2,3% si definisce come "qualcuno che non crede negli obblighi religiosi" e lo 0,9% dichiara di essere "una persona senza convinzione religiosa" (ateo).[32]. After the Tanzimat (Reformation) period in the 19th century, characters in Turkish theatre were modernised and plays were performed on European-style stages, with actors wearing European costumes. The city has hot, dry summers that last from June until September. Il più diffuso genere di musica tradizionale e folklorica in Turchia è il türkü, che viene suonato con il saz. [375] The miniatures were usually not signed, perhaps because of the rejection of individualism, but also because the works were not created entirely by one person; the head painter designed the composition of the scene, and his apprentices drew the contours (which were called tahrir) with black or colored ink and then painted the miniature without creating an illusion of depth. Negli anni ottanta il Paese ha avviato alcune riforme, grazie al primo ministro Turgut Özal, e si è sempre più orientata all'economia di mercato. [386] Internationally acclaimed Turkish musicians of Western classical music include pianists İdil Biret, Verda Erman, Gülsin Onay, the Pekinel sisters (Güher and Süher Pekinel), Ayşegül Sarıca and Fazıl Say; violinists Ayla Erduran and Suna Kan; opera singers Semiha Berksoy, Leyla Gencer and Güneş Gürle; and conductors Emre Aracı, Gürer Aykal, Erol Erdinç, Rengim Gökmen and Hikmet Şimşek. Queste aree geografiche differiscono notevolmente in termini di vegetazione e condizioni climatiche. [13][15] The Seljuk Turks began migrating in the 11th century, and the Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish principalities. In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Oltre a quella ottomana, la principale civiltà fiorita in Turchia fu quella bizantina, il cui dominio durò per più di mille anni, fino alla conquista della capitale bizantina Costantinopoli (l'attuale Istanbul), per opera dei turchi nel 1453. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle, lesser spotted eagle, Caucasian black grouse, red-fronted serin, and wallcreeper. Despite this however, western music styles like pop music and kanto lost popularity to arabesque in the late 1970s and 1980s. [221] 160 journalists have been imprisoned. La nuova letteratura turca di epoca repubblicana -preparata da un vasto movimento letterario ispirato al nazionalismo, in cui emersero il poeta Ziya Gökalp (m. 1924) e il novelliere Ömer Seyfettin (m. 1920) - ha certamente risentito di questa cesura con un passato che i padri della Repubblica avevano voluto cancellare con un decreto dall'alto. In Northwest Turkey, the most significant tribal group in Thrace was the Odyrisians, founded by Teres I. [122], Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933 and before most countries, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. Il lago Van, a 1640 metri sul livello del mare, è il più grande lago interno del paese. [234] The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. [46] The process of Hellenization that began with Alexander's conquest accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries of the Christian Era, the local Anatolian languages and cultures had become extinct, being largely replaced by ancient Greek language and culture. Im Winter können sehr tiefe Temperaturen bis unter −20 Grad Celsius erreicht werden, von den Durchschnittswerten ähneln sie den Wintern in Deutschland, sind aber kürzer. In 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey,[275] including 22 international airports. The country's tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960 and 1980, as well as by military memorandums in 1971 and 1997. [346] Currently there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey. Juta a scrivela. The later "Group D" of artists led by Abidin Dino, Cemal Tollu, Fikret Mualla, Fahrünnisa Zeid, Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Adnan Çoker and Burhan Doğançay introduced some trends that had lasted in the West for more than three decades. Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the emergence in the early 1930s drive for Westernization. The Anatolian leopard is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Turkey. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyat-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyat (National Literature) movement. The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge on the Dardanelles strait, connecting Europe and Asia, will become the longest suspension bridge in the world upon completion. Tra le più apprezzate cantanti turche di musica classica possiamo ricordare Müzeyyen Senar (1918-2015), nota come la Diva della Repubblica e Zeki Müren, uno dei cantanti più apprezzati della musica classica turca.